Global TOP 5 wopanga mapaketi
•1,International Paper
International Paper ndi kampani yopanga mapepala ndi zolongedza yomwe imagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.Mabizinesi akampaniyi amaphatikiza mapepala osakutidwa, zopaka m'mafakitale ndi ogula ndi zinthu zankhalango.Likulu la padziko lonse la kampaniyi lili ku Memphis, Tennessee, USA, ndi antchito pafupifupi 59,500 m'mayiko 24 ndi makasitomala padziko lonse lapansi.Zogulitsa zonse za kampaniyi mu 2010 zinali US $ 25 biliyoni.
Pa Januware 31, 1898, 17 zamkati ndi mapepala zidaphatikizidwa kupanga International Paper Company ku Albany, New York.M'zaka zoyambirira za kampaniyo, International Paper idatulutsa 60% ya pepala lofunika ndi makampani atolankhani aku US, ndipo zinthu zake zidatumizidwanso ku Argentina, United Kingdom, ndi Australia.
Mabizinesi a International Paper amakhudza North America, Latin America, Europe kuphatikiza Russia, Asia ndi North Africa.Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1898, International Paper pakadali pano ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga mapepala ndi nkhalango komanso imodzi mwamakampani anayi okha omwe adatchulidwa ku United States omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale.Likulu lake lapadziko lonse lapansi lili ku Memphis, Tennessee, USA.Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi zotsatizana, yatchedwa kampani yolemekezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango ndi mafakitale a mapepala ku North America ndi magazini ya Fortune.Magazini ya Ethisphere yadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa makampani amene amatsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse kwa zaka zisanu zotsatizana.Mu 2012, idakhala 424th pamndandanda wa Fortune Global 500.
Ntchito za International Paper ndi antchito ku Asia ndizosiyana kwambiri.Ikugwira ntchito m'mayiko asanu ndi anayi ku Asia, ikulankhula zinenero zisanu ndi ziwiri, yokhala ndi antchito oposa 8,000, imayang'anira mafakitale ambiri olongedza katundu ndi makina a makina a mapepala, komanso njira zambiri zogulira ndi kugawa.Likulu la Asia lili ku Shanghai, China.Kugulitsa konse kwa International Paper Asia mu 2010 kudafika pafupifupi US$1.4 biliyoni.Ku Asia, International Paper yadzipereka kukhala nzika yabwino komanso kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yopereka tchuthi, kukhazikitsa maphunziro a kuyunivesite, kutenga nawo mbali pantchito zobzala mitengo kuti muchepetse kutsika kwa mpweya, ndi zina zambiri.
Zogulitsa za International Paper ndi International Paper zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe.International Paper yadzipereka kuti ipititse patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika, ndipo zogulitsa zonse ndizovomerezeka ndi gulu lachitatu kuphatikiza Sustainable Forestry Action Plan, Forestry Stewardship Council ndi Forest Certification System Recognition Program.Kudzipereka kwa International Paper ku chilengedwe kumatheka poyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wabwino.
•2.Berry Global Group, Inc.
Berry Global Group, Inc. ndi opanga Fortune 500 padziko lonse lapansi komanso amagulitsa zinthu zamapulasitiki.Likulu lake ku Evansville, Indiana, ndi malo oposa 265 ndi antchito oposa 46,000 padziko lonse, kampani anali ndi ndalama 2022 ndalama zoposa $14 biliyoni ndipo ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu Indiana kutchulidwa mu masanjidwe a Fortune Magazine.Kampaniyo idasintha dzina lake kuchokera ku Berry Plastics kukhala Berry Global mu 2017.
Kampaniyo ili ndi magawo atatu ofunikira: Thanzi, Ukhondo ndi Katswiri; Kupaka kwa Ogula;ndi Engineered Materials.Berry amadzinenera kuti ndi mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga zipewa za aerosol ndipo amaperekanso imodzi mwazinthu zotakata kwambiri.Berry ali ndi makasitomala opitilira 2,500, kuphatikiza makampani monga Sherwin-Williams, Borden's, McDonald's, Burger King, Gillette, Procter & Gamble, PepsiCo, Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Walmart, Kmart ndi Hershey Foods.
Ku Evansville, Indiana, kampani yotchedwa Imperial Plastics inakhazikitsidwa ku 1967. Poyamba, chomeracho chinagwiritsa ntchito antchito atatu ndipo chinagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira jekeseni kuti apange zipewa za aerosol (Berry Global ku Evansville inagwiritsa ntchito anthu oposa 2,400 mu 2017).Kampaniyo inapezedwa ndi Jack Berry Sr. mu 1983. Mu 1987, kampaniyo inakula kwa nthawi yoyamba kunja kwa Evansville, ndikutsegula malo achiwiri ku Henderson, Nevada.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Berry wamaliza kugula zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza Mammoth Containers, Sterling Products, Tri-Plas, Alpha Products, PackerWare, Venture Packaging, Virginia Design Packaging, Container Industries, Knight Engineering ndi Plastics, Cardinal Packaging, Poly-Seal, Landis Plastics. , Euromex Plastics SA de CV, Gulu la Kerr, Covalence Specialty Materials (omwe kale anali bizinesi ya Tyco Plastics & Adhesives), Rollpak, Plastics Captive, MAC Closures, Superfos ndi Pliant Corporation.
Likulu lake ku Chicago Ridge, IL, Landis Plastics, Inc. amathandizira makasitomala ku North America ndi malo asanu apakhomo omwe amapanga jekeseni wopangidwa ndi thermoformed pulasitiki wa mkaka ndi zakudya zina.Asanagulidwe ndi Berry Plastics mu 2003, Landis adapeza kukula kwakukulu kwa malonda a organic 10.4% pazaka 15 zapitazi.Mu 2002, Landis adagulitsa ndalama zokwana $211.6 miliyoni.
Mu Seputembala 2011, Berry Plastics idapeza 100% ya likulu la Rexam SBC pamtengo wogula wokwana $351 miliyoni (ndalama zokwana $340 miliyoni zomwe zidapezedwa), ndikulipirira kugula ndi ndalama zomwe zilipo komanso ngongole zomwe zilipo kale.Rexam imapanga zoyikapo zolimba, makamaka zotsekera pulasitiki, zida ndi njira zotsekera, komanso mitsuko.Kupezako kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogulira, mtengo wogulira womwe umaperekedwa kuzinthu zozindikirika ndi mangawa kutengera mtengo wake woyerekeza pa tsiku logula.Mu July 2015, Berry adalengeza mapulani ogula AVINTIV ya Charlotte, North Carolina kwa $ 2.45 biliyoni.
Mu Ogasiti 2016, Berry Global idagula AEP Industries kwa US $ 765 miliyoni.
Mu April 2017, kampaniyo inalengeza kuti idzasintha dzina lake kukhala Berry Global Group, Inc. Mu November 2017, Berry adalengeza kuti apeza Clopay Plastic Products Company, Inc. kwa US $ 475 miliyoni.Mu Ogasiti 2018, Berry Global adapeza Laddawn pamtengo wosadziwika.Mu Julayi 2019, Berry Global idapeza RPC Gulu kwa US $ 6.5 biliyoni.Ponseponse, mayendedwe a Berry padziko lonse lapansi adzapitilira malo opitilira 290 padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza madera aku North ndi South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia ndi Russia.Bizinesi yophatikizika ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito anthu opitilira 48,000 m'makontinenti asanu ndi limodzi ndikupanga malonda pafupifupi $ 13 biliyoni, malinga ndi malipoti aposachedwa azachuma omwe Berry ndi RPC adatulutsa.
•3, Mpira Corporation
Ball Corporation ndi kampani yaku America yomwe ili ku Westminster, Colorado.Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chopanga mitsuko yamagalasi koyambirira, zotsekera, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira kunyumba.Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwake ku Buffalo, New York, mu 1880, pomwe inkadziwika kuti Wooden Jacket Can Company, kampani ya Ball yakula ndikusiyana m'mabizinesi ena, kuphatikiza luso lazamlengalenga.Kenako inakhala kampani yaikulu padziko lonse yopanga zakumwa zachitsulo zotha kubwezerezedwanso ndi zakudya.
Abale a Mpira adasinthanso bizinesi yawo kuti Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1886. Likulu lake, komanso ntchito zake zopanga magalasi ndi zitsulo, zidasamutsidwira ku Muncie, Indiana, pofika 1889. Bizinesiyo idasinthidwa kukhala Ball Brothers Company mu 1922. ndi Ball Corporation mu 1969. Inakhala kampani yogulitsa malonda pa New York Stock Exchange mu 1973.
Mpira adasiya bizinezi yakumaloko kunyumba mu 1993 pochotsa kampani yomwe idakhalapo kale (Alltrista) kukhala kampani yaulere, yomwe idadzitcha kuti Jarden Corporation.Monga gawo lakusintha, Jarden ali ndi chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cholembetsedwa cha Mpira pamzere wake wazotchingira kunyumba.Masiku ano, mtundu wa Mpira wa mitsuko yamitsuko ndi zopangira zam'nyumba ndi za Newell Brands.
Kwa zaka zopitilira 90, Mpira udapitilira kukhala bizinesi yabanja.Inatchedwanso Ball Brothers Company mu 1922, idakhalabe yodziwika bwino popanga mitsuko yazipatso, zivindikiro, ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo pakuwotchera kunyumba.Kampaniyo idalowanso mabizinesi ena.Chifukwa zigawo zinayi zazikuluzikulu za mitsuko yawo yowotchera zinali magalasi, zinki, mphira, ndi mapepala, kampani ya Ball idapeza mphero yopangira zinki kuti ipange zitsulo zopangira mitsuko yamagalasi, kupanga mphete zomata mphira za mitsukoyo, ndi adapeza mphero yopangira mapepala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza katundu wawo.Kampaniyo idapezanso malata, zitsulo, ndipo kenako makampani apulasitiki.
Bungwe la Ball Corporation lasintha bwino mbiri yake ya chilengedwe kuyambira 2006, pomwe kampaniyo idayamba kuyesa kukhazikika.Mu 2008 Ball Corporation idapereka lipoti lake loyamba lokhazikika ndikuyamba kutulutsa malipoti okhazikika patsamba lawo.Lipoti loyamba linali la ACCA-Ceres North American Sustainability Awards wopambana nawo mphotho ya Best First Time Reporter mu 2009.
•4. Tetra Pak International SA
Wothandizira Wathunthu wa Groupe Tetra Laval
Yophatikizidwa: 1951 monga AB Tetra Pak
Tetra Pak International SA imapanga zotengera zamchere monga mabokosi amadzi.Kwa zaka zambiri zodziwika ndi mapaketi ake apadera a mkaka wa tetrahedral, mzere wamakampaniwo wakula ndikuphatikiza mazana amitundu yosiyanasiyana.Ndiwogulitsa kwambiri mabotolo amkaka apulasitiki.Ndi makampani ake alongo, Tetra Pak imati ndi yokhayo yomwe imapereka makina athunthu okonza, kulongedza, ndi kugawa zakudya zamadzimadzi padziko lonse lapansi.Zogulitsa za Tetra Pak zimagulitsidwa m'maiko opitilira 165.Kampaniyo imadzifotokoza ngati wothandizana nawo pakukulitsa malingaliro a kasitomala wake osati ngati wogulitsa wamba.Tetra Pak ndi mzera wake wokhazikitsidwa akhala akudziwika mobisa za phindu;Kampani ya makolo Tetra Laval imayang'aniridwa ndi banja la Gad Rausing, yemwe adamwalira mu 2000, kudzera ku Netherlands olembetsa a Yora Holding ndi Baldurion BV.Kampaniyo idanenanso kuti ma phukusi 94.1 biliyoni adagulitsidwa mu 2001.
Zoyambira
Dr. Ruben Rausing anabadwa pa June 17, 1895 ku Raus, Sweden.Ataphunzira za chuma ku Stockholm, anapita ku America mu 1920 kukaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba pa yunivesite ya Columbia ku New York.Kumeneko, adawona kukula kwa malo ogulitsa zakudya zodzipangira okha, omwe amakhulupirira kuti abwera ku Europe posachedwa, komanso kuchuluka kwazakudya zopakidwa.Mu 1929, ndi Erik Akerlund, adakhazikitsa kampani yoyamba yonyamula katundu ku Scandinavia.
Kupanga chidebe chatsopano cha mkaka kunayamba mu 1943. Cholinga chinali kupereka chitetezo chokwanira cha chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa.Zotengera zatsopanozo zinapangidwa kuchokera ku chubu chomwe chinadzazidwa ndi madzi;mayunitsi paokha anali osindikizidwa pansi pa mlingo wa chakumwa mkati popanda kuyambitsa mpweya uliwonse.Rausing akuti adapeza lingaliro loyang'ana mkazi wake Elizabeth akudzaza masoseji.Erik Wallenberg, yemwe adalowa nawo mu kampaniyo ngati wogwira ntchito m'ma labotale, akuyamikiridwa ndi uinjiniya lingaliro, lomwe adalipidwa SKr 3,000 (malipiro a miyezi isanu ndi umodzi panthawiyo).
Tetra Pak idakhazikitsidwa mu 1951 ngati othandizira a Akerlund & Rausing.Dongosolo latsopano lopakira zidavumbulutsidwa pa Meyi 18 chaka chimenecho.Chaka chotsatira, inapereka makina ake oyambirira oikamo zonona m’makatoni a tetrahedral kwa Lundaortens Mejerifõrening, malo a mkaka ku Lund, Sweden.Chidebe cha 100 ml, chomwe chidakutidwa ndi pulasitiki osati parafini, chimatchedwa Tetra Classic.Izi zisanachitike, malo opangira mkaka ku Europe nthawi zambiri amagawa mkaka m'mabotolo kapena m'mitsuko ina yobweretsedwa ndi makasitomala.Tetra Classic inali yaukhondo komanso, yokhala ndi magawo amunthu payekha, yabwino.
Kampaniyo idapitilizabe kuyang'ana kwambiri zopangira zakumwa kwazaka 40 zotsatira.Tetra Pak adayambitsa katoni yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi mu 1961. Idzadziwika kuti Tetra Classic Aseptic (TCA).Izi zinali zosiyana m'njira ziwiri zofunika kuchokera ku Tetra Classic yoyambirira.Yoyamba inali kuwonjezera pa aluminiyamu wosanjikiza.Chachiwiri chinali chakuti mankhwalawo anali osawilitsidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu.Kupaka kwatsopano kwa aseptic kunalola mkaka ndi zinthu zina kusungidwa kwa miyezi ingapo popanda firiji.Institute of Food Technologists idatcha kuti izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyika zakudya m'zaka za zana lino.
Kumanga ndi Erik mu 1970s-80s
Tetra Brik Aseptic (TBA), mtundu wamakona anayi, womwe unayambika mu 1968 ndipo unayambitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa mayiko.TBA idzawerengera zambiri zamabizinesi a Tetra Pak mzaka zana zikubwerazi.Borden Inc. inabweretsa Brik Pak kwa ogula aku US mu 1981 pamene inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito phukusili kuti likhale ndi timadziti.Panthawiyo, ndalama za Tetra Pak padziko lonse lapansi zinali SKr 9.3 biliyoni ($ 1.1 biliyoni).Ikugwira ntchito m'maiko 83, omwe ali ndi ziphaso anali kutulutsa makontena opitilira 30 biliyoni pachaka, kapena 90 peresenti ya msika wamaseptic, idatero Business Week.Tetra Pak ananena kuti amanyamula 40 peresenti ya msika wa mkaka wa mkaka ku Ulaya, inatero Financial Times ya ku Britain.Kampaniyo inali ndi zomera 22, zitatu mwa izo zopanga makina.Tetra Pak inalemba ntchito anthu 6,800, pafupifupi 2,000 mwa iwo anali ku Switzerland.
Maphukusi a khofi a Tetra Pak omwe amapezeka paliponse, omwe nthawi zambiri ankawoneka m'malesitilanti, panthawiyo anali ochepa chabe ogulitsa.Katoni ya Tetra Prisma Aseptic, yomwe pamapeto pake idatengedwa m'maiko opitilira 33, ikhala imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri zamakampani.Katoni iyi ya octagonal inali ndi chokoka komanso njira zingapo zosindikizira.Tetra Fino Aseptic, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Egypt, inali njira ina yopambana nthawi yomweyo.Chidebe chotsika mtengochi chinali ndi thumba la pepala/polyethylene ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mkaka.Tetra Wedge Aseptic idawonekera koyamba ku Indonesia.Tetra Top, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu 1991, inali ndi pulasitiki yosinthikanso.
Timadzipereka kupanga chakudya kukhala chotetezeka komanso kupezeka kulikonse.Timagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi makasitomala athu kuti tipereke mayankho omwe amakonda pakukonza ndi kuyika chakudya.Timagwiritsa ntchito kudzipereka kwathu pazatsopano, kumvetsetsa kwathu zosowa za ogula, ndi maubale athu ndi ogulitsa kuti apereke mayankho awa, kulikonse komanso nthawi iliyonse yomwe chakudya chimadyedwa.Timakhulupirira mu utsogoleri wamakampani odalirika, kupanga kukula kopindulitsa mogwirizana ndi kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, komanso kukhala nzika zabwino zamakampani.
Gad Rausing anamwalira mu 2000, akusiya umwini wa ufumu wa Tetra Laval kwa ana ake - Jorn, Finn, ndi Kristen.Pamene adagulitsa gawo lake la kampani kwa mchimwene wake ku 1995, Hans Rausing nayenso adavomera kuti asapikisane ndi Tetra Pak mpaka 2001. Anatuluka kuchoka pantchito akuthandiza kampani yonyamula katundu ya Sweden, EcoLean, yodzipereka ku "Lean-Material" yatsopano yopangidwa ndi biodegradable. makamaka choko.Rausing adapeza gawo la 57% pantchitoyi, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1996 ndi Ake Rosen.
Tetra Pak adapitiliza kuyambitsa zatsopano.Mu 2002, kampaniyo idakhazikitsa makina onyamula othamanga kwambiri, TBA/22.Inali yokhoza kulongedza makatoni 20,000 pa ola, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Pansi pa chitukuko panali Tetra Recart, katoni yoyamba padziko lapansi yokhoza kutsekedwa.
•5, Amcor
•5, Amcor
Amcor plc ndi kampani yomwe imagulitsa pamsika wapadziko lonse.Imakulitsa ndikupanga zotengera zosinthika, zotengera zolimba, makatoni apadera, zotsekera ndi ntchito zazakudya, chakumwa, mankhwala, zida zamankhwala, chisamaliro chanyumba ndi anthu, ndi zinthu zina.
Kampaniyi idachokera m'mabizinesi ogaya mapepala omwe adakhazikitsidwa ku Melbourne, Australia, m'zaka za m'ma 1860s omwe adaphatikizidwa kukhala Australian Paper Mills Company Pty Ltd, mu 1896.
Amcor ndi kampani yomwe ili m'ndandanda wapawiri, yolembedwa pa Australian Securities Exchange (ASX: AMC) ndi New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AMCR).
Pofika pa 30 June 2023, kampaniyo inalemba ntchito anthu 41,000 ndipo inapanga US $ 14.7 biliyoni pogulitsa kuchokera kumadera ena a 200 m'mayiko oposa 40.
Potengera momwe ilili padziko lonse lapansi, Amcor akuphatikizidwa m'magulu angapo amisika yamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Dow Jones Sustainability Index, CDP Climate Disclosure Leadership Index (Australia), MSCI Global Sustainability Index, Ethibel Excellence Investment Register, ndi FTSE4Good Index Series.
Amcor ili ndi magawo awiri ofotokozera: Flexibles Packaging ndi Rigid Plastics.
Flexibles Packaging imapanga ndikupereka zotengera zosinthika komanso makatoni opindika apadera.Ili ndi magawo anayi abizinesi: Flexibles Europe, Middle East ndi Africa;Flexibles Americas;Flexibles Asia Pacific;ndi Makatoni apadera.
Rigid Plastics ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zopangira ma pulasitiki olimba. [8]Ili ndi magawo anayi abizinesi: Zakumwa zaku North America;Zotengera Zapadera zaku North America;Latini Amerika;ndi Bericap Kutsekedwa.
Amcor imapanga ndikupangira zopangira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zokhwasula-khwasula ndi zokhwasula-khwasula, tchizi ndi yoghuti, zokolola zatsopano, zakumwa ndi zakudya za ziweto, ndi zotengera zapulasitiki zolimba zamtundu wazakudya, chakumwa, mankhwala, ndi magawo a anthu ndi osamalira kunyumba.
Kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi yonyamula mankhwala imayika zofunikira pamilingo yamagulu, chitetezo, kutsata kwa odwala, kudana ndi chinyengo komanso kukhazikika.
Makatoni apadera a Amcor opangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zapulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'misika yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mankhwala, chithandizo chamankhwala, chakudya, mizimu ndi vinyo, zinthu zaumwini ndi zosamalira kunyumba.Amcor imapanganso ndikupanga kutseka kwa vinyo ndi mizimu.
Mu February 2018, kampaniyo idagulitsa ukadaulo wake wa Liquiform, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zapakidwa m'malo mwa mpweya woponderezedwa kupanga nthawi imodzi ndikudzaza zotengera zapulasitiki ndikuchotsa ndalama zomwe zimayenderana ndi kuwulutsa kwachikhalidwe, komanso kusamalira, kunyamula, ndikusunga zotengera zopanda kanthu.
YPAK Packaging ili ku Guangdong, China.Yakhazikitsidwa mu 2000, ndi kampani yonyamula katundu yomwe ili ndi zomera ziwiri zopanga.Tadzipereka kukhala m'modzi mwa ogulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Kuti tikwaniritse zosowa za makasitomala ambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito mbale zazikulu zodzigudubuza.Izi zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yazinthu zathu ziwonekere komanso tsatanetsatane wake;panthawiyi, panali makasitomala ambiri omwe ali ndi zosowa zazing'ono zoyitanitsa.Tidayambitsa makina osindikizira a digito a HP INDIGO 25K, zomwe zidapangitsa MOQ yathu kukhala 1000pcs ndikukhutiritsanso mapangidwe osiyanasiyana.kasitomala makonda zosowa.Pankhani yopangira njira zapadera, ukadaulo wa ROUGH MATTE FINISH wopangidwa ndi akatswiri athu a R&D uli pakati pa 10 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi.M'nthawi yomwe dziko likufuna chitukuko chokhazikika, takhazikitsa zopangira zinthu zobwezerezedwanso/zophatikizana ndipo titha kuperekanso Satifiketi yathu yogwirizana malondawo atatumizidwa ku bungwe lovomerezeka kuti likayesedwe.Takulandilani kuti mutitumizire nthawi iliyonse, YPAK ili pantchito yanu maola 24 patsiku.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-09-2023
