Global TOP 5 yekurongedza mugadziri
•1,international Paper
International Paper ikambani yemapepa uye yekurongedza indasitiri ine mabasa epasi rose.Mabhizinesi ekambani iyi anosanganisira mapepa asina kuvharwa, maindasitiri nevatengi varongedza uye zvigadzirwa zvemasango.Hofisi yekambani yepasi rose iri muMemphis, Tennessee, USA, ine vashandi vangangosvika zviuru makumi mashanu nezvipfumbamwe nemazana mashanu munyika makumi maviri neina uye vatengi pasi rese.Kutengeswa kwekambani muna 2010 kwaive US $ 25 bhiriyoni.
Musi waNdira 31, 1898, 17 pulp nemapepa zvigayo zvakabatanidzwa kuita International Paper Company muAlbany, New York.Mumakore ekutanga ekambani, International Paper yakagadzira makumi matanhatu muzana emapepa aidiwa neindasitiri yezvenhau yeUS, uye zvigadzirwa zvaro zvakatumirwawo kuArgentina, United Kingdom, neAustralia.
International Pepa bhizinesi rekushanda rinofukidza North America, Latin America, Europe kusanganisira Russia, Asia neNorth Africa.Yakavambwa muna 1898, International Paper parizvino ndiyo hombe pasi rose bepa uye sango zvigadzirwa kambani uye imwe chete yemakambani mana akanyorwa muUnited States ane nhoroondo yezana ramakore.Dzimbahwe rayo repasi rose riri muMemphis, Tennessee, USA.Kwemakore mapfumbamwe akateedzana, yakanzi kambani inoremekedzwa zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvemasango uye indasitiri yemapepa muNorth America nemagazini yeFortune.Yakanzi imwe yemakambani epasi rose ane tsika nemagazini yeEthisphere kwemakore mashanu akatevedzana.Muna 2012, yakaisa 424th paFortune Global 500 runyorwa.
International Paper mashandiro uye vashandi muAsia vakasiyana zvakanyanya.Ichishanda munyika pfumbamwe muAsia, ichitaura mitauro minomwe, ine vashandi vanopfuura 8 000, inotarisira nhamba huru yemafekitari okurongedzerwa nemichina yepepa, pamwe chete nendau huru yokutenga nokuparadzira.Dzimbahwe reAsia riri muShanghai, China.Kutengeswa kweInternational Paper Asia muna 2010 kwakasvika paUS$1.4 bhiriyoni.MuAsia, International Pepa yakazvipira kuve mugari akanaka uye nekushingairira kutora mabasa munharaunda: kutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvekupa mazororo, kumisikidza zvikoro zveyunivhesiti, kutora chikamu mumapurojekiti ekudyara miti kuderedza kabhoni tsoka, nezvimwe.
Zvigadzirwa zveInternational Pepa uye International Pepa maitiro ekugadzira anoisa kukosha kukuru kune kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.International Pepa rakazvipira kuchengetedza budiriro yakadzikama, uye zvigadzirwa zvese zvakapihwa wechitatu-bato zvinosanganisira Sustainable Forestry Action Plan, Forestry Stewardship Council uye Forest Certification System Recognition Chirongwa.Kuzvipira kweInternational Pepa kune zvakatipoteredza kunowanikwa nekutonga zviwanikwa, kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kutanga kudyidzana kwakanaka.
•2, Berry Global Group, Inc.
Berry Global Group, Inc. iFortune 500 yepasi rose inogadzira uye mutengesi wezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvekurongedza.Dzimbahwe muEvansville, Indiana, ine zvivako zvinopfuura 265 uye vashandi vanopfuura 46,000 pasi rose, kambani yakanga ine fiscal 2022 mari inodarika mabhiriyoni gumi nemana emadhora uye ndeimwe yemakambani makuru eIndiana akanyorwa mu Fortune Magazine ranking.Iyo kambani yakachinja zita rayo kubva kuBerry Plastics kuita Berry Global muna 2017.
Iyo kambani ine zvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha: Hutano, Hutsanana uye Nyanzvi; Consumer Packaging;uye Engineered Materials.Berry anozviti ndiye mutungamiri wepasi rose mukugadzira maaerosol caps uye anopawo imwe yemhando dzakakura dzezvigadzirwa zvemidziyo.Berry ane vatengi vanopfuura zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu, kusanganisira makambani akadai saSherwin-Williams, Borden's, McDonald's, Burger King, Gillette, Procter & Gamble, PepsiCo, Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Walmart, Kmart neHershey Foods.
MuEvansville, Indiana, kambani inonzi Imperial Plastics yakavambwa muna 1967. Pakutanga, chirimwa ichi chakashandisa vashandi vatatu uye chakashandisa jekiseni rekugadzira majekiseni kuti ribudise aerosol caps (Berry Global muEvansville yakashandisa vanhu vanopfuura 2,400 mu2017).Iyo kambani yakawanikwa naJack Berry Sr. muna 1983. Muna 1987, kambani yakawedzera kekutanga kunze kweEvansville, ichivhura nzvimbo yechipiri muHenderson, Nevada.
Mumakore achangopfuura, Berry akapedza kutora akati wandei, kusanganisira Mammoth Containers, Sterling Zvigadzirwa, Tri-Plas, Alpha Zvigadzirwa, PackerWare, Venture Packaging, Virginia Dhizaini Packaging, Container Industries, Knight Engineering uye Plastics, Cardinal Packaging, Poly-Seal, Landis Plastics. , Euromex Plastics SA de CV, Kerr Group, Covalence Specialty Materials (yaimbova Tyco Plastics & Adhesives business), Rollpak, Captive Plastics, MAC Closures, Superfos uye Pliant Corporation.
Inotungamirwa muChicago Ridge, IL, Landis Plastics, Inc. inotsigira vatengi muNorth America nenzvimbo shanu dzepamba dzinogadzira jekiseni rakaumbwa uye thermoformed epurasitiki yekurongedza yemukaka uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudya.Isati yatengwa neBerry Plastics muna 2003, Landis yakaona kukura kwakasimba kwekutengesa kwe10.4% mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura.Muna 2002, Landis yakagadzira mambure ekutengesa kwe $211.6 miriyoni.
MunaGunyana 2011, Berry Plastics yakawana 100% yeequity capital yeRexam SBC yemutengo wakakwana wekutenga wemadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora (mambure emadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mana emamiriyoni emari yakawanikwa), achipa mari yekutorwa nemari iripo uye zvikwereti zviripo.Rexam inogadzira kurongedza kwakaomarara, kuvharika kwepurasitiki, zvishongedzo uye masisitimu ekuvhara, pamwe nezvirongo.Kutorwa kwakaverengerwa kushandisa nzira yekutenga, nemutengo wekutenga uchipihwa zvinhu zvinozivikanwa uye zvikwereti zvichienderana neinofungidzira kukosha kwayo pazuva rekutorwa.Muna Chikunguru 2015, Berry akazivisa hurongwa hwekutenga Charlotte, North Carolina-based AVINTIV yemadhora 2.45 bhiriyoni mumari.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2016, Berry Global yakawana AEP Industries yeUS$765 miriyoni.
MunaEpril 2017, kambani yakazivisa kuti yaizoshandura zita rayo kuBerry Global Group, Inc. MunaNovember 2017, Berry akazivisa kuwanikwa kweClopay Plastic Products Company, Inc. ye US $ 475 mamiriyoni.Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2018, Berry Global yakawana Laddawn nemari isingazivikanwe.Muna Chikunguru 2019, Berry Global yakawana RPC Boka reUS $ 6.5 bhiriyoni.Pakazara, nhanho yepasi rose yaBerry ichapfuura nzvimbo dzinopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe pasirese, kusanganisira nzvimbo dziri kuNorth neSouth America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia neRussia.Bhizinesi rakasanganiswa rinotarisirwa kushandisa vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi mana nezvisere mumakondinendi matanhatu uye kugadzira kutengesa kwemadhora zviuru gumi nezvitatu zvemadhora, sekureva kwazvino zvirevo zvemari zvakaburitswa naBerry neRPC.
•3、Ball Corporation
Ball Corporation ikambani yekuAmerica inotungamirwa muWestminster, Colorado.Inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwayo kwekutanga kwegirazi zvirongo, zvivharo, uye zvigadzirwa zvine hukama zvinoshandiswa kugadzira canning kumba.Kubva payakavambwa muBuffalo, New York, muna 1880, payaizivikanwa seWooden Jacket Can Company, kambani yeBhora yakawedzera nekusiyana-siyana kuita mamwe mabhizinesi, kusanganisira tekinoroji yemuchadenga.Yakazopedzisira yave mugadziri mukuru wepasi rose wezvinwiwa zvesimbi zvinogona kushandiswazve kushandiswa zvakare nemagaba ezvokudya.
Vakoma veBhora vakatumidza bhizinesi ravo zita rekuti Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, yakavambwa muna 1886. Dzimbahwe rayo, pamwe chete nemashandiro ekugadzira magirazi nesimbi, zvakatamisirwa kuMuncie, Indiana, muna 1889. Bhizinesi rakazonzi Ball Brothers Company muna 1922. neBall Corporation muna 1969. Yakave kambani inotengeswa neruzhinji paNew York Stock Exchange muna 1973.
Bhora rakasiya bhizimusi rekugadzira imba muna 1993 nekusudurudza yaimbova mubatsiri (Alltrista) kuita kambani yakasununguka, iyo yakazvipa zita rekuti Jarden Corporation.Sechikamu chekutenderera, Jarden ane rezinesi rekushandisa Bhara rakanyoreswa chiratidzo pamutsetse wayo wezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira kumba.Nhasi, mhando yeBhora rezvirongo zvemason uye zvekugadzira zvemba ndezvaNewell Brands.
Kwemakore anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe, Bhora rakaramba riri bhizinesi remhuri.Yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Ball Brothers Company muna 1922, yakaramba ichizivikanwa nekugadzira zvirongo zvemichero, zvivharo, uye zvigadzirwa zvine hukama zvekugadzira imba.Kambani yakapindawo mune mamwe mabhizimusi.Nekuda kwekuti zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvemutsetse wavo wechigadzirwa wezvirongo zvekugadzika zvaisanganisira girazi, zingi, rabha, uye bepa, kambani yeBhora yakawana zinc strip rolling mill kugadzira mavharo esimbi ezvirongo zvavo zvegirazi, akagadzira mhete dzerabha dzekuvharira zvirongo, uye. vakawana chigayo chepepa kugadzira mapepa anoshandiswa mukutumira zvigadzirwa zvavo.Iyo kambani yakawanawo tin, simbi, uye gare gare, makambani epurasitiki.
Iyo Ball Corporation yakavandudza rekodhi yayo yezvakatipoteredza kubvira 2006, apo kambani yakatanga kuedza kwayo kwekutanga kusimudzira.Muna 2008 iyo Ball Corporation yakapa mushumo wayo wekutanga wekusimudzira uye yakatanga kuburitsa yakatevera mishumo yekusimudzira pawebhusaiti yayo.Chirevo chekutanga chaive cheACCA-Ceres North American Sustainability Awards mubairo weBest First Time Reporter mubairo muna 2009.
•4, Tetra Pak International SA
Yakazara Muridzi Mubatsiri weGroupe Tetra Laval
Yakabatanidzwa: 1951 seAB Tetra Pak
Tetra Pak International SA inogadzira midziyo yakashongedzwa senge juice mabhokisi.Kwemakumi emakore anozivikanwa neayo akasarudzika tetrahedral dairy packaging, mutsara wechigadzirwa chekambani wakura kusanganisa mazana emidziyo yakasiyana.Iyo inotungamira mutengesi wemabhodhoro emukaka epurasitiki.Nemakambani ayo ehanzvadzi, Tetra Pak inoti ndiyo yega inopa masisitimu akazara ekugadzirisa, kurongedza, uye kugovera chikafu chemvura pasi rese.Zvigadzirwa zveTetra Pak zvinotengeswa munyika dzinopfuura 165.Iyo kambani inozvitsanangura semubatsiri mukugadzira pfungwa dzevatengi vayo kwete semutengesi.Tetra Pak nedzinza rayo rekutanga rave richizivikanwa zvakashata nezvemhindu;kambani yevabereki Tetra Laval inodzorwa nemhuri yaGad Rausing, akafa muna 2000, kuburikidza neNetherlands-yakanyoreswa Yora Holding uye Baldurion BV.Iyo kambani yakashuma 94.1 bhiriyoni mapakeji akatengeswa muna 2001.
Origins
Dr. Ruben Rausing akaberekwa musi waChikumi 17, 1895 muRaus, Sweden.Mushure mekudzidza zvehupfumi muStockholm, akaenda kuAmerica muna 1920 kuzvidzidzo zvekupedza kudzidza kuNew York's Columbia University.Ikoko, akaona kukura kwezvitoro zvegirosari, izvo zvaaitenda kuti zvaizokurumidza kuuya kuEurope, pamwe chete nekuwedzera kudiwa kwezvokudya zvakaputirwa.Muna 1929, naErik Akerlund, akatanga kambani yekutanga yekurongedza yeScandinavia.
Kugadziridzwa kwegaba idzva remukaka kwakatanga muna 1943. Chinangwa chaive chekupa chengetedzo yekudya yakakwana uchishandisa huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu.Midziyo mitsva yakaumbwa kubva muchubhu yakazadzwa nemvura;mayunitsi ega ega akavharirwa pasi pechiyero chechinwiwa mukati pasina kuunza chero mweya.Rausing anonzi akawana zano kubva pakuona mukadzi wake Elizabeth achiisa masoseji.Erik Wallenberg, akabatana nefemu semushandi werabhoritari, anorumbidzwa neinjiniya pfungwa, iyo yaakabhadharwa SKr 3,000 (mwedzi mitanhatu yemuhoro panguva iyoyo).
Tetra Pak yakavambwa muna 1951 sechikamu cheAkerlund & Rausing.Iyo itsva yekurongedza system yakavhurwa muna Chivabvu 18 wegore iro.Gore rakatevera, yakaendesa muchina wayo wekutanga wekurongedzera kirimu mumakatoni etetrahedral kuLundaortens Mejerifõrening, dhiri rekuLund, Sweden.Chigaba che100 ml, chaive chakafukidzwa mupurasitiki kwete parafini, chaizonzi Tetra Classic.Izvi zvisati zvaitika, maEuropean dairies aiwanzoburitsa mukaka mumabhodhoro kana mune mamwe midziyo inounzwa nevatengi.Tetra Classic yaive yese yehutsanana uye, ine munhu wese servings, yakanakira.
Iyo femu yakaramba ichingotarisa chete pakurongedza zvinwiwa kwemakore makumi mana anotevera.Tetra Pak yakaunza pasi rose aseptic carton muna 1961. Yaizozivikanwa seTetra Classic Aseptic (TCA).Ichi chigadzirwa chaive chakasiyana munzira mbiri dzakakosha kubva kune yekutanga Tetra Classic.Yekutanga yaive mukuwedzera kwechigadziko chealuminium.Chechipiri chaive chekuti chigadzirwa chakaitwa sterilized pakupisa kwakanyanya.Iyo itsva aseptic packaging yakabvumira mukaka nezvimwe zvigadzirwa kuchengetwa mwedzi yakati wandei pasina firiji.Sangano reChikafu Technologists rakadana izvi kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekugadzira chikafu chezana ramakore.
Kuvaka naErik muma1970-80s
Tetra Brik Aseptic (TBA), vhezheni ine rectangular, yakatanga muna 1968 uye yakamutsa kukura kunoshamisa kwepasirese.Iyo TBA yaizoverengera mazhinji ebhizinesi reTetra Pak muzana rinotevera.Borden Inc. yakaunza Brik Pak kuvatengi veUS muna 1981 payakatanga kushandisa iyi package kumajusi ayo.Panguva iyoyo, mari yepasi rose yeTetra Pak yaive SKr 9.3 bhiriyoni ($1.1 bhiriyoni).Inoshanda munyika makumi masere nenhatu, marezinesi ayo aiburitsa anopfuura mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emidziyo pagore, kana makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emusika weaseptic package, yakashuma Bhizinesi reSvondo.Tetra Pak yaiti yakarongedza 40 muzana yemusika wekuEurope wekurongedza mukaka, yakashuma Financial Times yeBritain.Kambani iyi yaive nezvirimwa makumi maviri nezviviri, zvitatu zvacho zvekugadzira michina.Tetra Pak yakashandisa vanhu 6 800, vanenge 2 000 vavo muSwitzerland.
Tetra Pak's ubiquitous coffee-cream packages, yaiwanzoonekwa kumaresitorendi, panguva iyoyo yaingova chikamu chidiki chekutengesa.Katoni yeTetra Prisma Aseptic, yakazogamuchirwa munyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu nenhatu, yaizova imwe yebudiriro huru dzekambani.Iyi katoni yeoctagonal yairatidza kudhonza-tabhu uye huwandu hwemikana yekudhinda.Tetra Fino Aseptic, yakatangwa muEgypt, yaive imwe nzira yakabudirira yenguva imwe cheteyo.Chigaba ichi chisingadhure chaive nehomwe yepepa/polyethylene uye yaishandiswa kuita mukaka.Tetra Wedge Aseptic yakatanga kuonekwa muIndonesia.Tetra Pamusoro, yakaunzwa muna 1991, yaive nepamusoro pepurasitiki inovharika.
Tinozvipira kuita kuti chikafu chive chakachengeteka uye chiwanike, kwese kwese.Isu tinoshandira uye nevatengi vedu kuti tipe yakasarudzika kugadzirisa uye kurongedza mhinduro dzechikafu.Isu tinoshandisa kuzvipira kwedu kune innovation, kunzwisisa kwedu kwezvinodiwa nevatengi, uye hukama hwedu nevatengesi kuti tipe zvigadziriso izvi, chero kupi uye chero chikafu chinodyiwa.Isu tinotenda muhutungamiriri hwemaindasitiri ane mutoro, tichigadzira kukura kunobatsira mukuwirirana nekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye hukama hwakanaka hwekambani.
Gad Rausing akafa muna 2000, achisiya humambo hweTetra Laval kuvana vake — Jorn, Finn, naKristen.Paakatengesa chikamu chake chekambani kumunun'una wake muna 1995, Hans Rausing akabvumawo kusakwikwidzana neTetra Pak kusvika 2001. Akabuda kubva pamudyandigere achitsigira kambani yeSweden yekurongedza, EcoLean, yakazvipira kune itsva biodegradable "Lean-Material" yakagadzirwa. kunyanya chechoko.Rausing akawana chikamu che57 muzana mubato, iro rakanga raumbwa mu1996 naAke Rosen.
Tetra Pak yakaramba ichiunza hutsva.Muna 2002, kambani yakatanga muchina mutsva wekurongedza, weTBA/22.Yaikwanisa kurongedza makatoni 20 000 paawa, zvichiita kuti ive inokurumidza zvikuru pasi rose.Pasi pekuvandudzwa kwaive neTetra Recart, bhokisi rekutanga repasi rinokwanisa kuvharwa.
•5. Amcor
•5. Amcor
Amcor plc ikambani yepasi rose yekurongedza.Iyo inovandudza uye inogadzira inochinjika kurongedza, midziyo yakaoma, mabhokisi akasarudzika, kuvharwa uye masevhisi echikafu, chinwiwa, mishonga, yezvokurapa-mudziyo, imba uye yemunhu-kutarisira, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Kambani iyi yakatanga mumabhizinesi ekugaya mapepa akavakwa mukati nekutenderedza Melbourne, Australia, mukati memakore ekuma1860 ayo akabatanidzwa seAustralia Paper Mills Company Pty Ltd, muna 1896.
Amcor ikambani ine mbiri-yakanyorwa, ichinyorwa paAustralia Securities Exchange (ASX: AMC) uye New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AMCR).
Kubva 30 Chikumi 2023, kambani yakahaya vanhu zviuru makumi mana neina uye yakagadzira US$14.7 bhiriyoni mukutengesa kubva mukushanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo mazana maviri munyika dzinopfuura makumi mana.
Ichiratidza chimiro chayo chepasi rose, Amcor inosanganisirwa mumaindisi akati wandei emisika yepasi rose, kusanganisira Dow Jones Sustainability Index, CDP Climate Disclosure Leadership Index (Australia), MSCI Global Sustainability Index, Ethibel Excellence Investment Register, uye FTSE4Good Index Series.
Amcor ine zvikamu zviviri zvekubika: Flexibles Packaging uye Rigid Plastics.
Flexibles Packaging inovandudza uye inopa inochinjika kurongedza uye yakakosha kupeta mabhokisi.Iine zvikamu zvina zvebhizimisi: Flexibles Europe, Middle East neAfrica;Flexibles Americas;Flexibles Asia Pacific;uye Specialty Cartons.
Rigid Plastics ndeimwe yevatengesi vakuru pasi rose vepurasitiki yakaoma kurongedza.[8]Iine zvikamu zvina zvebhizimisi: North America Beverages;North America Specialty Containers;Latin America;uye Bericap Kuvhara.
Amcor inogadzira uye inogadzira kurongedza kuti ishandiswe nesvutugadzike uye confectionery, chizi neyoghuti, zvinyoro zvitsva, zvinwiwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekudya zvemhuka, uye dzakaomarara-midziyo yepurasitiki yemhando mune chikafu, chinwiwa, mishonga, uye yemunhu uye yekumba-yekuchengeta zvikamu.
Iyo kambani yepasi rose yemishonga yekurongedza inogadzirisa zvinodiwa zvemayuniti madhizi, chengetedzo, kutevedzera murwere, anti-yekunyepedzera uye kuenderera.
Makatoni eAmcor akasarudzika akagadzirwa kubva mumidziyo yepurasitiki anoshandiswa pamisika yakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira mishonga, hutano hwehutano, chikafu, mweya newaini, zvigadzirwa zvemunhu uye zvekuchengeta kumba.Amcor zvakare inovandudza uye inoita waini nemweya kuvhara.
Muna Kukadzi 2018, kambani yakatengesa tekinoroji yayo yeLiquiform, iyo inoshandisa chigadzirwa chakaputirwa panzvimbo yemhepo yakamanikidzwa kuumba panguva imwe chete uye kuzadza midziyo yepurasitiki uye kubvisa mutengo une chekuita nekuumbwa kwechinyakare, pamwe nekubata, kutakura, uye kuchengetera midziyo isina chinhu.
YPAK Packaging iri muGuangdong, China.Yakavambwa muna 2000, inyanzvi yekurongedza kambani ine zvidyarwa zviviri zvekugadzira.Takazvipira kuve mumwe wevatengesi vepamusoro pasi rose.Kuti tisangane nezvinodiwa zvevazhinji vatengi kugadzirisa, isu tinoshandisa hombe roller mahwendefa.Izvi zvinoita kuti mavara ezvigadzirwa zvedu awedzere kuoneka uye ruzivo rwakajeka;panguva iyi, kwaive nevatengi vakawanda vane zvidiki zvekuodha zvinodiwa.Isu takaunza iyo HP INDIGO 25K yedhijitari yekudhinda, iyo yakaita kuti MOQ yedu ive 1000pcs uye zvakare yakagutsa huwandu hwemagadzirirwo.mutengi customization zvinodiwa.Panyaya yekugadzirwa kwemaitiro akakosha, iyo ROUGH MATTE FINISH tekinoroji yakakurudzirwa nevainjiniya vedu veR&D inomira pakati pegumi epamusoro pasirese.Munguva iyo nyika irikudaidzira budiriro inogoneka, takatangisa zvinhu zvinodzokororwa/zvinogona kurongedzerwa uye tinogona kupawo Chitupa chedu chekuenderana mushure mekunge chigadzirwa chatumirwa kusangano rine chiremera kunoongororwa.Kugamuchirwa kuti utibate chero nguva, YPAK iri pabasa rako maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-09-2023
